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OpenAI

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="OpenAL" title="OpenAL">OpenAL</a>, <a href="OpenAPI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="OpenAPI (disambiguation)">OpenAPI</a>, or <a href="Open-source_artificial_intelligence" title="Open-source artificial intelligence">Open-source artificial intelligence</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">OpenAI</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)<a href="#cite_note-OpenCorporates-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li><li><a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li><li><a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li><li><a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li><li><a href="Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a></li><li>Vicki Cheung</li><li><a href="Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li><li>Durk Kingma</li><li><a href="John_Schulman" title="John Schulman">John Schulman</a></li><li>Pamela Vagata</li><li><a href="Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">1455 <a href="Third_Street_(San_Francisco)" title="Third Street (San Francisco)">3rd Street</a>, <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (<a href="Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> (<a href="Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li><li><a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (<a href="President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>)</li><li><a href="Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a> (<a href="Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NYT5-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a>

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<li><a href="GPT-4o#GPT_Image_1" title="GPT-4o">GPT Image 1</a></li></ul>

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<div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li><li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li><li><a href="SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li><li><a href="Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>

</div></li><li><a href="OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li><li><a href="ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">Deep Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>3.7 billion<a href="#cite_note-2024-fin-est-4">[4]</a> (2024 <abbr title="estimate">est.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"> US$<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">

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</style>−5 billion<a href="#cite_note-2024-fin-est-4">[4]</a> (2024 <abbr title="estimate">est.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,976,363 United States dollar (2021, 2021) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000+ (2024)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/">openai.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li>

<li><a href="Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a>

<li><a href="Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a>

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="AI-assisted_software_development" title="AI-assisted software development">Software development</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li>

<li><a href="Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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OpenAI, Inc. is an American <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) organization founded in December 2015 and headquartered in <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, California. It aims to develop "safe and beneficial" <a href="Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI), which it defines as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work".<a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2018-6">[6]</a> As a leading organization in the ongoing <a href="AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> OpenAI is known for the <a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> family of <a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a>, the <a href="DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a> series of <a href="Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image models</a>, and a <a href="Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> named <a href="Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Its release of <a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> in November 2022 has been credited with catalyzing widespread interest in <a href="Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a>.

The organization has a complex corporate structure. As of April 2025, it is led by the <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> OpenAI, Inc.,<a href="#cite_note-OpenCorporates-1">[1]</a> <a href="Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">registered in Delaware</a>, and has multiple for-profit subsidiaries including OpenAI Holdings, LLC and OpenAI Global, LLC.<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a> <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has invested US$13 billion in OpenAI, and is entitled to 49% of OpenAI Global, LLC's profits, capped at an estimated 10x their investment.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Microsoft also provides computing resources to OpenAI through its <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud platform</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

In 2023 and 2024, OpenAI faced multiple lawsuits for alleged <a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> against authors and media companies whose work was used to train some of OpenAI's products. In November 2023, OpenAI's board <a href="Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removed Sam Altman</a> as CEO, citing a lack of confidence in him, but reinstated him five days later following a reconstruction of the board. Throughout 2024, roughly half of then-employed <a href="AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> researchers left OpenAI, citing the company's prominent role in an industry-wide problem.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015:_founding_and_initial_motivations">2015: founding and initial motivations</h3></div>

In December 2015, OpenAI was founded as a <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">not for profit organization</a> by <a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, <a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, <a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, <a href="Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a>, Vicki Cheung, <a href="Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a>, Durk Kingma, <a href="John_Schulman" title="John Schulman">John Schulman</a>, Pamela Vagata, and <a href="Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a>, with Sam Altman and Elon Musk as the co-chairs.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A total of $1 billion in capital was pledged by Sam Altman, Greg Brockman, Elon Musk, <a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a>, <a href="Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>, <a href="Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> (AWS), <a href="Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>, and <a href="YC_research" class="mw-redirect" title="YC research">YC Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The actual collected total amount of contributions was only $130 million until 2019.<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a> According to an investigation led by <a href="TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>, while YC Research never contributed any funds, <a href="Open_Philanthropy" title="Open Philanthropy">Open Philanthropy</a> contributed $30 million and another $15 million in verifiable donations were traced back to Musk.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> OpenAI later stated that Musk's contributions totaled less than $45 million.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The organization stated it would "freely collaborate" with other institutions and researchers by making some its patents and research open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a> OpenAI was initially run from Brockman's living room.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It was later headquartered at the <a href="Pioneer_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Pioneer Building (San Francisco)">Pioneer Building</a> in the <a href="Mission_District%2C_San_Francisco" title="Mission District, San Francisco">Mission District, San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-technologyreview-26">[26]</a>

According to OpenAI's charter, its founding mission is "to ensure that artificial general intelligence (AGI)—by which we mean highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work—benefits all of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-2018-6">[6]</a>

Musk and Altman stated in 2015 that they were partly motivated by concerns about <a href="AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> and <a href="Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside-28">[28]</a> OpenAI stated that "it's hard to fathom how much human-level AI could benefit society", and that it is equally difficult to comprehend "how much it could damage society if built or used incorrectly".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-23">[23]</a> The startup also wrote that AI "should be an extension of individual human wills and, in the spirit of liberty, as broadly and evenly distributed as possible",<a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-23">[23]</a> and that "because of AI's surprising history, it's hard to predict when human-level AI might come within reach. When it does, it'll be important to have a leading research institution which can prioritize a good outcome for all over its own self-interest."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Co-chair Sam Altman expected a decades-long project that eventually surpasses human intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-wired_far_more-30">[30]</a>

<a href="Vishal_Sikka" title="Vishal Sikka">Vishal Sikka</a>, former CEO of Infosys, stated that an "openness", where the endeavor would "produce results generally in the greater interest of humanity", was a fundamental requirement for his support; and that OpenAI "aligns very nicely with our long-held values" and their "endeavor to do purposeful work".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Cade Metz of Wired suggested that corporations such as <a href="Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> might be motivated by a desire to use open-source software and data to level the playing field against corporations such as Google and Facebook, which own enormous supplies of proprietary data. Altman stated that Y Combinator companies would share their data with OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-wired_far_more-30">[30]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016–2018:_Non-profit_beginnings">2016–2018: Non-profit beginnings</h3></div>

According to <a href="Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, Brockman met with <a href="Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, one of the "founding fathers" of <a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>, and drew up a list great AI researchers.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a> Brockman was able to hire nine of them as the first employees in December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a> OpenAI did not pay AI researchers salaries comparable to those of <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a> It also did not pay stock options which AI researchers typically get. Nevertheless, Open AI spent $7 million on its first 52 employees in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-salaryTimes-32">[32]</a> OpenAI's potential and mission drew these researchers to the firm; a Google employee said he was willing to leave Google for OpenAI "partly because of the very strong group of people and, to a very large extent, because of its mission."<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a> OpenAI co-founder <a href="Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a> stated that he turned down "borderline crazy" offers of two to three times his market value to join OpenAI instead.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-16">[16]</a>

In April 2016, OpenAI released a public beta of "OpenAI Gym", its platform for <a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-Dave_Gershgorn-2016-33">[33]</a> <a href="Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> gifted its first <a href="Nvidia_DGX" title="Nvidia DGX">DGX-1 supercomputer</a> to OpenAI in August 2016 to help it train larger and more complex AI models with the capability of reducing processing time from six days to two hours.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In December 2016, OpenAI released "Universe", a software platform for measuring and training an AI's general intelligence across the world's supply of games, websites, and other applications.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

In 2017, OpenAI spent $7.9 million, a quarter of its functional expenses, on cloud computing alone.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In comparison, <a href="DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>'s total expenses in 2017 were $442 million. In the summer of 2018, training OpenAI's Dota 2 bots required renting 128,000 <a href="Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a> and 256 <a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> from Google for multiple weeks.<a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-41">[41]</a>

In 2018, Musk resigned from his Board of Directors seat, citing "a potential future <a href="Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict [of interest]</a>" with his role as CEO of <a href="Tesla%2C_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> due to Tesla's <a href="Tesla_Autopilot" title="Tesla Autopilot">AI development for self-driving cars.</a><a href="#cite_note-musk_resigns-42">[42]</a>

In February 2019, <a href="GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> was announced, which gained attention for its ability to generate human-like text.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-43">[43]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019:_Transition_from_non-profit">2019: Transition from non-profit</h3></div>

In 2019, OpenAI transitioned from non-profit to "capped" for-profit, with the profit being capped at 100 times any investment.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> According to OpenAI, the capped-profit model allows OpenAI Global, LLC to legally attract investment from venture funds and, in addition, to grant employees stakes in the company.<a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-41">[41]</a> Many top researchers work for <a href="Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a>, <a href="DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>, or <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which offer stock options that a nonprofit would be unable to.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_arm-45">[45]</a> Before the transition, public disclosure of the compensation of top employees at OpenAI was legally required.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

The company then distributed <a href="Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> to its employees and partnered with Microsoft,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> announcing an investment package of $1 billion into the company. Since then, OpenAI systems have run on an <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a>-based <a href="Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputing</a> platform from Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-Langston_2023-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foley_2020-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engadget_2020-50">[50]</a>

OpenAI Global, LLC then announced its intention to commercially license its technologies.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> It planned to spend $1 billion "within five years, and possibly much faster".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Altman stated that even a billion dollars may turn out to be insufficient, and that the lab may ultimately need "more capital than any non-profit has ever raised" to achieve artificial general intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

The nonprofit, OpenAI, Inc., is the sole <a href="Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling shareholder</a> of OpenAI Global, LLC, which, despite being a for-profit company, retains a formal <a href="Fiduciary_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiduciary duty">fiduciary responsibility</a> to OpenAI, Inc.'s nonprofit charter. A majority of OpenAI, Inc.'s board is barred from having financial stakes in OpenAI Global, LLC.<a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-41">[41]</a> In addition, minority members with a stake in OpenAI Global, LLC are barred from certain votes due to conflict of interest.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_arm-45">[45]</a> Some researchers have argued that OpenAI Global, LLC's switch to for-profit status is inconsistent with OpenAI's claims to be "democratizing" AI.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020–2023:_ChatGPT,_DALL-E,_partnership_with_Microsoft">2020–2023: ChatGPT, DALL-E, partnership with Microsoft</h3></div>

In 2020, OpenAI announced <a href="GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, a language model trained on large internet datasets. GPT-3 is aimed at natural language answering questions, but it can also translate between languages and coherently generate improvised text. It also announced that an associated API, named simply "the API", would form the heart of its first commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-2020-06-11_Bloomberg-55">[55]</a>

Eleven employees left OpenAI, mostly between December 2020 and January 2021, in order to establish <a href="Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

In 2021, OpenAI introduced <a href="DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>, a specialized deep learning model adept at generating complex digital images from textual descriptions, utilizing a variant of the GPT-3 architecture.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

In December 2022, OpenAI received widespread media coverage after launching a free preview of <a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, its new AI <a href="Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> based on GPT-3.5. According to OpenAI, the preview received over a million signups within the first five days.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> According to anonymous sources cited by <a href="Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> in December 2022, OpenAI Global, LLC was projecting $200 million of revenue in 2023 and $1 billion in revenue in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

In January 2023, OpenAI Global, LLC was in talks for funding that would value the company at $29 billion, double its 2021 value.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On January 23, 2023, Microsoft announced a new US$10 billion investment in OpenAI Global, LLC over multiple years, partially needed to use Microsoft's cloud-computing service Azure.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Rumors of this deal suggested that Microsoft may receive 75% of OpenAI's profits until it secures its investment return and a 49% stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The investment is believed to be a part of Microsoft's efforts to integrate OpenAI's ChatGPT into the Bing search engine. Google announced a similar AI application (<a href="Bard_(chatbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard (chatbot)">Bard</a>), after ChatGPT was launched, fearing that ChatGPT could threaten Google's place as a go-to source for information.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

On February 7, 2023, Microsoft announced that it was building AI technology based on the same foundation as ChatGPT into <a href="Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a>, <a href="Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a>, <a href="Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> and other products.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

On March 3, 2023, <a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> resigned from his board seat, citing a desire to avoid conflicts of interest with his investments in AI companies via <a href="Greylock_Partners" title="Greylock Partners">Greylock Partners</a>, and his co-founding of the AI startup <a href="Inflection_AI" title="Inflection AI">Inflection AI</a>. Hoffman remained on the board of Microsoft, a major investor in OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>

On March 14, 2023, OpenAI released <a href="GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>, both as an API (with a waitlist) and as a feature of ChatGPT Plus.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

On May 22, 2023, Sam Altman, Greg Brockman and Ilya Sutskever posted recommendations for the governance of <a href="Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-Governance-70">[70]</a> They consider that superintelligence could happen within the next 10 years, allowing a "dramatically more prosperous future" and that "given the possibility of existential risk, we can't just be reactive". They propose creating an international watchdog organization similar to <a href="International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> to oversee AI systems above a certain capability threshold, suggesting that relatively weak AI systems on the other side should not be overly regulated. They also call for more technical safety research for superintelligences, and ask for more coordination, for example through governments launching a joint project which "many current efforts become part of".<a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-Governance-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

In July 2023, OpenAI launched the superalignment project, aiming to find within 4 years how to <a href="AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">align</a> future superintelligences by automating alignment research using AI.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>

In August 2023, it was announced that OpenAI had acquired the <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>-based start-up Global Illumination, a company that deploys AI to develop digital infrastructure and creative tools.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>

On September 21, 2023, Microsoft had begun rebranding all variants of its Copilot to <a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a>, including the former Bing Chat and the Microsoft 365 Copilot.<a href="#cite_note-unify-74">[74]</a> This strategy was followed in December 2023 by adding the MS-Copilot to many installations of <a href="Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> and <a href="Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> as well as a standalone Microsoft Copilot app released for <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><a href="#cite_note-androidlaunch-75">[75]</a> and one released for <a href="IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-ioslaunch-76">[76]</a>

In October 2023, Sam Altman and Peng Xiao, CEO of the Emirati AI firm <a href="G42_(company)" title="G42 (company)">G42</a>, announced Open AI would let G42 deploy Open AI technology.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

On November 6, 2023, OpenAI launched GPTs, allowing individuals to create customized versions of ChatGPT for specific purposes, further expanding the possibilities of AI applications across various industries.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On November 14, 2023, OpenAI announced they temporarily suspended new sign-ups for ChatGPT Plus due to high demand.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Access for newer subscribers re-opened a month later on December 13.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024:_Public/Non-Profit_Efforts,_Sora,_Partnership_with_Apple">2024: Public/Non-Profit Efforts, Sora, Partnership with Apple</h3></div>

In January 2024, OpenAI partnered with <a href="Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> to provide complete access to ChatGPT Enterprise in its first educational collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

In February, amidst SEC probes and investigations into CEO Altman's communications<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> OpenAI unveiled its text-to-video model <a href="Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora (text-to-video model)</a>, currently available to red teams for managing risks<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

On February 29, 2024, <a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> filed a lawsuit against OpenAI and CEO Sam Altman, accusing them of shifting focus from public benefit to profit maximization—a case OpenAI dismissed as “incoherent” and “frivolous,” though Musk later revived legal action against Altman and others in August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>

In May 2024, significant leadership changes occurred as Chief Scientist <a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> resigned—being succeeded by <a href="Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a>—and co-leader <a href="Jan_Leike" title="Jan Leike">Jan Leike</a> departed amid concerns over safety and trust.<a href="#cite_note-may14-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> That same month, OpenAI formed a partnership with <a href="Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> to integrate its content into OpenAI products<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and inked content deals with <a href="News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a>, along with licensing arrangements involving publishers such as <a href="Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> and <a href="Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>

In June 2024, OpenAI joined forces with <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> to integrate ChatGPT features into <a href="Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a> and <a href="IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and added former NSA head <a href="Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a> to its board,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> while acquiring Multi, a startup focused on remote collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

In July 2024, Reuters reported that OpenAI was developing a project, codenamed 'Strawberry', to enhance AI reasoning—a project later released in September as the <a href="O1_(generative_pre-trained_transformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="O1 (generative pre-trained transformer)">o1</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>

In August 2024, cofounder John Schulman left to join rival startup <a href="Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>, and OpenAI's president <a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> took extended leave until November.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>

In September 2024, OpenAI's global affairs chief endorsed the UK's “smart” AI regulation during testimony to a <a href="House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> committee,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Meanwhile, CTO <a href="Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a> announced her departure amid internal concerns.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>

In October 2024, OpenAI secured $6.6 billion in funding—valuing it at $157 billion—with major investors including Microsoft, Nvidia, and SoftBank,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> It also acquired the domain Chat.com,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and saw the return of Greg Brockman after his brief absence.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>

In December 2024, during the "12 Days of OpenAI" event, the company launched the <a href="Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a> model for ChatGPT Plus and Pro users,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It also launched the advanced <a href="OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">OpenAI o1</a> reasoning model<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Additionally, ChatGPT Pro—a $200/month subscription service offering unlimited o1 access and enhanced voice features—was introduced, and preliminary benchmark results for the upcoming <a href="OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">OpenAI o3</a> models were shared.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

On January 21, 2025, it was announced that OpenAI, <a href="Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a> and <a href="MGX_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="MGX (company)">MGX</a> would launch <a href="Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">The Stargate Project</a>, a joint venture to build an AI infrastructure system in conjunction with the <a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a>. The project takes its name from OpenAI's existing "Stargate" supercomputer project and is estimated to cost $500 billion. The project will be funded over the next four years.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>

On January 23, OpenAI released Operator, an <a href="AI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="AI agent">AI agent</a> and web automation tool for accessing websites to execute goals defined by users. The feature was only available to Pro users in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>

On February 2, OpenAI made a <a href="ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">deep research agent</a>, that achieved an accuracy of 26.6 percent on <a href="Humanity's_Last_Exam" title="Humanity's Last Exam">Humanity's Last Exam</a> (HLE) benchmark, available to $200-monthly-fee paying users with up to 100 queries per month, while more “limited access” was promised for Plus, Team and later Enterprise users.<a href="#cite_note-Verge_20250203-114">[114]</a>

In February, OpenAI underwent a rebranding with a new typeface, word mark, symbol and palette.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> OpenAI began collaborating with <a href="Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> in 2024 to design a custom AI chip capable of both training and inference targeted for mass production in 2026 and to be manufactured by <a href="TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> in 3 nm node. This initiative is intended to reduce OpenAI's dependence on Nvidia GPUs, which are costly and face high demand in the market.

On February 13, Sam Altman announced that GPT-4.5, internally known as "Orion", will be the last model without full chain-of-thought reasoning. Altman also indicated that GPT-5, expected to be released within months, could unify the O-Series and GPT-Series models, eliminating the need to choose between them and phasing out O-series models.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>

In March 2025, OpenAI signed an $11.9 billion agreement with <a href="CoreWeave" title="CoreWeave">CoreWeave</a>, an Nvidia-backed, AI-focused cloud service provider. As part of the deal, OpenAI will receive $350 million worth of CoreWeave shares and gain access to its AI infrastructure, which includes over a quarter million NVIDIA GPUs.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>

In April 2025, OpenAI raised $40 billion at a $300 billion post-money valuation, marking the largest private technology deal on record. The financing round was led by SoftBank, with other participants including Microsoft, <a href="Coatue_Management" title="Coatue Management">Coatue</a>, <a href="Altimeter_Capital" title="Altimeter Capital">Altimeter</a>, and <a href="Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>

On April 9, 2025, OpenAI countersued Musk in federal court, alleging that he had engaged in "bad-faith tactics" to slow the company's progress and seize its innovations for his personal benefit. OpenAI also argued that Musk had previously supported the creation of a for-profit structure and had expressed interest in controlling OpenAI himself. The countersuit seeks damages and legal measures to prevent further alleged interference.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>

In May 2025, it was reported that OpenAI had agreed to acquire "Windsurf", an AI-assisted coding tool formerly known as "Codeium", for approximately $3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Windsurf was valued at $1.25 billion in 2024, after a $150 million funding round led by the venture capital firm General Catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>

On May 11, 2025, Financial Times reported that OpenAI and Microsoft are rewriting terms of their multibillion-dollar partnership in a negotiation designed to allow the ChatGPT maker to launch a future IPO, while protecting the software giant's access to cutting-edge AI models.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>

On May 21, 2025, OpenAI announced the $6.5 billion acquisition of <a href="Io_(company)" title="Io (company)">io</a>, an AI hardware start-up founded by former Apple designer <a href="Jony_Ive" title="Jony Ive">Jony Ive</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-Sam_and_Jony-128">[128]</a> The two companies will merge to "work more intimately with the research, engineering, and product teams in San Francisco", and "Jony will assume deep design and creative responsibilities across OpenAI" as the company develops new hardware products powered by AI technology, according to a press release.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-OpenAI-Sam_and_Jony-128">[128]</a> The deal was reported to be the company's largest acquisition to date.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On July 9, 2025, OpenAI announced the completion of the merger with io.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>

In June 2025, OpenAI began renting <a href="Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Google Cloud</a>'s Tensor Processing Units (<a href="TPU_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="TPU (computing)">TPUs</a>) to support <a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> and related services, marking its first meaningful use of non‑Nvidia AI chips.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> This strategic move represents a deliberate shift away from exclusive dependency on <a href="Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> and <a href="Nvidia_GPUs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvidia GPUs">Nvidia GPUs</a>, enabling diversification of compute infrastructure and potential cost reductions for <a href="Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> workloads.

In July 2025, the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> announced that OpenAI had received a $200 million contract for AI in the military, along with Anthropic, Google, and <a href="XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In the same month, the company signed a 'strategic partnership' with the <a href="UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK Government</a> to use ChatGPT and other AI tools across government and public services.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>

In July 2025, reports indicated that artificial intelligence models by both OpenAI and <a href="Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a> solved mathematics problems at the level of top-performing students in the <a href="International_Mathematical_Olympiad" title="International Mathematical Olympiad">International Mathematical Olympiad</a>. OpenAI's large language model was able to achieve gold medal-level performance, reflecting significant progress in AI’s reasoning abilities.<a href="#cite_note-nature-maths-136">[136]</a>

On July 18, 2025, OpenAI announced the launch of a $50million fund to support nonprofit and community organizations. The initiative, informed by the independent OpenAI Nonprofit Commission report, aims to leverage AI to address challenges in education, economic opportunity, community organizing, and healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_employees">Key employees</h3></div>

<ul><li>CEO and co-founder: <a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, former president of the start-up accelerator <a href="Y_Combinator_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Combinator (company)">Y Combinator</a></li>

<li>President and co-founder: <a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, former CTO, 3rd employee of <a href="Stripe_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stripe (company)">Stripe</a><a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-138">[138]</a></li>

<li>Chief Scientist Officer: <a href="Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a>, former Director of Research at OpenAI<a href="#cite_note-may14-89">[89]</a></li>

<li>Chief Operating Officer: Brad Lightcap, previously at <a href="Y_Combinator_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Combinator (company)">Y Combinator</a> and <a href="JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li>

<li>Chief Financial Officer: <a href="Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a>, former <a href="Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a> CEO and former CFO at <a href="Block%2C_Inc." title="Block, Inc.">Block, Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-cxo_2024-140">[140]</a></li>

<li>Chief Product Officer: Kevin Weil, previously at <a href="Twitter%2C_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a> and <a href="Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a><a href="#cite_note-cxo_2024-140">[140]</a></li>

<li>Chief Research Officer: Mark Chen, former SVP of Research at OpenAI<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li>

<li>Chief Compliance Officer: <a href="Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a>, former Chief Compliance Officer of <a href="Uber_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uber (company)">Uber</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit">Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chairman), former chairman of <a href="Twitter%2C_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter</a>'s board of directors and co-CEO of <a href="Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, former <a href="U.S._Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a> and <a href="President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_D'Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a>, co-founder and CEO of <a href="Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a></li>

<li><a href="Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a>, former CEO of the <a href="Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a>, attorney and former executive vice president of the <a href="Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a>, CEO and chair of <a href="Instacart" title="Instacart">Instacart</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a>, former Director of the <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (2018–2024)<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li>

<li><a href="Zico_Kolter" title="Zico Kolter">Zico Kolter</a>, computer scientist<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li>

<li><a href="Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a>, managing partner at <a href="Global_Infrastructure_Partners" title="Global Infrastructure Partners">Global Infrastructure Partners</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li></ul>

Sources:<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_individual_investors">Principal individual investors</h3></div>

Source:<a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-138">[138]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a>, <a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> co-founder<a href="#cite_note-mercury-back-146">[146]</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> co-founder<a href="#cite_note-mercury-back-146">[146]</a></li>

<li><a href="Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>, a founding partner of Y Combinator</li>

<li><a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, co-founder</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy">Strategy</h2></div>

In the early years before his 2018 departure, Musk posed the question: "What is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a way that is safe and is beneficial to humanity." He acknowledged that "there is always some risk that in actually trying to advance (friendly) AI we may create the thing we are concerned about"; but nonetheless, that the best defense was "to empower as many people as possible to have AI. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower."<a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-138">[138]</a>

Musk and Altman's counterintuitive strategy—that of trying to reduce the potential harm of AI by giving everyone access to it—is controversial among those concerned with existential risk from AI. Philosopher <a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> said, "If you have a button that could do bad things to the world, you don't want to give it to everyone."<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside-28">[28]</a> During a 2016 conversation about <a href="Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, Altman said, "We don't plan to release all of our source code" and mentioned a plan to "allow wide swaths of the world to elect representatives to a new governance board". Greg Brockman stated, "Our goal right now ... is to do the best thing there is to do. It's a little vague."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>

Conversely, OpenAI's initial decision to withhold GPT-2 around 2019, due to a wish to "err on the side of caution" in the presence of potential misuse, was criticized by advocates of openness. Delip Rao, an expert in text generation, stated, "I don't think [OpenAI] spent enough time proving [GPT-2] was actually dangerous." Other critics argued that open publication was necessary to replicate the research and to create countermeasures.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a>

More recently, in 2022, OpenAI published its approach to the <a href="AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment problem</a>, anticipating that aligning <a href="Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a> to human values would likely be harder than aligning current AI systems: "Unaligned AGI could pose substantial risks to humanity[,] and solving the AGI alignment problem could be so difficult that it will require all of humanity to work together". They stated that they intended to explore how to better use human feedback to train AI systems, and how to safely use AI to incrementally automate alignment research.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>

In 2024, following the temporary removal of Sam Altman and his return, many employees gradually left OpenAI, including most of the original leadership team and a significant number of AI safety researchers.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> OpenAI also planned a restructuring to operate as a for-profit company. This restructuring could grant Altman a stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a>

In March 2025, OpenAI made a policy proposal for the Trump administration to <a href="Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preempt</a> pending AI-related state laws with federal laws.<a href="#cite_note-roberts2025-153">[153]</a> According to OpenAI, "This framework would extend the tradition of government receiving learnings and access, where appropriate, in exchange for providing the private sector relief from

the 781 and counting proposed AI-related bills already introduced this year in US states."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stance_on_China">Stance on China</h3></div>

In February 2025, OpenAI CEO <a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> stated that the company is interested in collaborating with the <a href="People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, despite <a href="United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">regulatory restrictions imposed by the U.S. government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> This shift comes in response to the growing influence of the Chinese artificial intelligence company <a href="DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a>, which has disrupted the AI market with open models, including DeepSeek V3 and DeepSeek R1.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>

The emergence of DeepSeek has led major Chinese tech firms such as <a href="Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> and others to embrace an <a href="Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> strategy, intensifying competition with OpenAI. Altman acknowledged the uncertainty regarding U.S. government approval for AI cooperation with China but emphasized the importance of fostering dialogue between technological leaders in both nations.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In response to DeepSeek, OpenAI overhauled its security operations to better guard against <a href="Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial espionage</a>, particularly amid allegations that DeepSeek had improperly copied OpenAI's <a href="Knowledge_distillation" title="Knowledge distillation">distillation</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_applications">Products and applications</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI" title="Products and applications of OpenAI">Products and applications of OpenAI</a></div>

Notable products by OpenAI include:

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">OpenAI o1</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">OpenAI o3</a></li>

<li><a href="SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora (text-to-video model)</a></li>

<li><a href="Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper (speech recognition system)</a></li>

<li><a href="GPT-OSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPT-OSS">GPT-OSS</a> (open-weights language models)</li></ul>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI#API" title="Products and applications of OpenAI">Products and applications of OpenAI § API</a>.[<a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt">

In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose <a href="API" title="API">API</a> which it said was "for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language AI task".<a href="#cite_note-Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI_gpt3-whynotfullmodel-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI_tech_Tech-161">[161]</a></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firing_of_Altman">Firing of Altman</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI</a></div>

On November 17, 2023, Sam Altman was removed as CEO when its board of directors (composed of <a href="Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a>, <a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, <a href="Adam_D'Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a> and Tasha McCauley) cited a lack of confidence in him. Chief Technology Officer <a href="Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a> took over as interim CEO. <a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, the president of OpenAI, was also removed as chairman of the board<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-guard-17nov2023-163">[163]</a> and resigned from the company's presidency shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Three senior OpenAI researchers subsequently resigned: director of research and GPT-4 lead Jakub Pachocki, head of AI risk Aleksander Mądry, and researcher Szymon Sidor.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>

On November 18, 2023, there were reportedly talks of Altman returning as CEO amid pressure placed upon the board by investors such as Microsoft and <a href="Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive Capital</a>, who objected to Altman's departure.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Although Altman himself spoke in favor of returning to OpenAI, he has since stated that he considered starting a new company and bringing former OpenAI employees with him if talks to reinstate him didn't work out.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The board members agreed "in principle" to resign if Altman returned.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> On November 19, 2023, negotiations with Altman to return failed and Murati was replaced by <a href="Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a> as interim CEO.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The board initially contacted <a href="Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> CEO <a href="Dario_Amodei" title="Dario Amodei">Dario Amodei</a> (a former OpenAI executive) about replacing Altman, and proposed a <a href="Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">merger</a> of the two companies, but both offers were declined.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>

On November 20, 2023, Microsoft CEO <a href="Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> announced Altman and Brockman would be joining Microsoft to lead a new advanced AI research team, but added that they were still committed to OpenAI despite recent events.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Before the partnership with Microsoft was finalized, Altman gave the board another opportunity to negotiate with him.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> About 738 of OpenAI's 770 employees, including Murati and Sutskever, signed an open letter stating they would quit their jobs and join Microsoft if the board did not rehire Altman and then resign.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> This prompted OpenAI investors to consider legal action against the board as well.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In response, OpenAI management sent an internal memo to employees stating that negotiations with Altman and the board had resumed and would take some time.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a>

On November 21, 2023, after continued negotiations, Altman and Brockman returned to the company in their prior roles along with a reconstructed board made up of new members <a href="Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (as chairman) and <a href="Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, with D'Angelo remaining.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> On November 22, 2023, emerging reports suggested that Sam Altman's dismissal from OpenAI may have been linked to his alleged mishandling of a significant breakthrough in the organization's secretive project codenamed Q*. According to sources within OpenAI, Q* is aimed at developing AI capabilities in logical and mathematical reasoning, and reportedly involves performing math on the level of grade-school students.<a href="#cite_note-gradeschool-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Concerns about Altman's response to this development, specifically regarding the discovery's potential safety implications, were reportedly raised with the company's board shortly before Altman's firing.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Tong_2023_u135-182">[182]</a> On November 29, 2023, OpenAI announced that an anonymous Microsoft employee had joined the board as a non-voting member to observe the company's operations;<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Microsoft resigned from the board in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama">Content moderation contract with Sama</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="Content_moderation_and_working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Content moderation and working conditions">Content moderation and working conditions</a>.</div>

In January 2023, OpenAI has been criticized for outsourcing the <a href="Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">annotation of data sets</a> to <a href="Sama_(company)" title="Sama (company)">Sama</a>, a company based in San Francisco that employed workers in <a href="Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. These annotations were used to train an AI model to detect toxicity, which could then be used to <a href="Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">moderate toxic content</a>, notably from ChatGPT's training data and outputs. However, these pieces of text usually contained detailed descriptions of various types of violence, including sexual violence. The investigation uncovered that OpenAI began sending snippets of data to Sama as early as November 2021. The four Sama employees interviewed by <a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> described themselves as mentally scarred. OpenAI paid Sama $12.50 per hour of work, and Sama was redistributing the equivalent of between $1.32 and $2.00 per hour post-tax to its annotators. Sama's spokesperson said that the $12.50 was also covering other implicit costs, among which were infrastructure expenses, quality assurance and management.<a href="#cite_note-Time1-185">[185]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_technological_transparency">Lack of technological transparency</h3></div>

In March 2023, the company was also criticized for disclosing particularly few technical details about products like GPT-4, contradicting its initial commitment to openness and making it harder for independent researchers to replicate its work and develop safeguards. OpenAI cited competitiveness and safety concerns to justify this strategic turn. OpenAI's former chief scientist Ilya Sutskever argued in 2023 that open-sourcing increasingly capable models was increasingly risky, and that the safety reasons for not open-sourcing the most potent AI models would become "obvious" in a few years.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-disparagement_agreement">Non-disparagement agreement</h3></div>

On May 17, 2024, a <a href="Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> article reported that OpenAI was asking departing employees to sign a lifelong <a href="Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disparagement agreement</a> forbidding them from criticizing OpenAI or acknowledging the existence of the agreement. <a href="Daniel_Kokotajlo_(researcher)" title="Daniel Kokotajlo (researcher)">Daniel Kokotajlo</a>, a former employee, publicly stated that he forfeited his vested equity in OpenAI in order to leave without signing the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Sam Altman stated that he was unaware of the equity cancellation provision, and that OpenAI never enforced it to cancel any employee's vested equity.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Vox published leaked documents and emails challenging this claim.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> On May 23, 2024, OpenAI sent a memo releasing former employees from the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_shift_from_nonprofit_control">Proposed shift from nonprofit control</h3></div>

OpenAI, Inc. was originally designed as a nonprofit in order to ensure that AGI "benefits all of humanity" rather than "the private gain of any person". In 2019, it created OpenAI Global, LLC, a capped-profit subsidiary controlled by the nonprofit. In December 2024, OpenAI proposed a restructuring plan to convert the capped-profit into a Delaware-based <a href="Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">public benefit corporation</a> (PBC), and to release it from the control of the nonprofit. The nonprofit would sell its control and other assets, getting equity in return, and would use it to fund and pursue separate charitable projects, including in science and education. OpenAI's leadership described the change as necessary to secure additional investments, and claimed that the nonprofit's founding mission to ensure AGI "benefits all of humanity" would be better fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a>

The plan has been criticized by experts and former employees. A legal letter named "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notforprivategain.org/">Not For Private Gain</a>" asked the <a href="Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">attorneys general of California</a> and <a href="Attorney_General_of_Delaware" title="Attorney General of Delaware">Delaware</a> to intervene, stating that the restructuring is illegal and would remove governance safeguards from the nonprofit and the attorneys general.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The letter argues that OpenAI's complex structure was deliberately designed to remain accountable to its mission, without the conflicting pressure of maximizing profits. It contends that the nonprofit is best positioned to advance its mission of ensuring AGI benefits all of humanity by continuing to control OpenAI Global, LLC, whatever the amount of equity that it could get in exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Piper-2025-194">[194]</a> PBCs can choose how they balance their mission with profit-making. Controlling shareholders have a large influence on how closely a PBC sticks to its mission.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2025-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piper-2025-194">[194]</a>

Legally, under nonprofit law, assets dedicated to a charitable purpose must continue to serve that purpose. To change its purpose, OpenAI would have to prove that its current purposes have become unlawful, impossible, impracticable, or wasteful.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Elon Musk, who had initiated a lawsuit against OpenAI and Altman in August 2024 alleging the company violated contract provisions by prioritizing profit over its mission, reportedly used this lawsuit to stop the restructuring plan.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2025-195">[195]</a> On February 10, 2025, a consortium of investors led by Elon Musk submitted a $97.4 billion unsolicited bid to buy the nonprofit that controls OpenAI, declaring willingness to match or exceed any better offer.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toonkel-2025-198">[198]</a> The offer was rejected on 14 February 2025, with OpenAI stating that it was not for sale,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> but the offer complicated Altman's restructuring plan by suggesting a lower bar for how much the nonprofit should be valued.<a href="#cite_note-Toonkel-2025-198">[198]</a>

In May 2025, the nonprofit's board chairman <a href="Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> announced that the nonprofit would renounce plans to cede control after outside pressure. The capped-profit still plans to transition to a PBC,<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> which critics said would diminish the nonprofit's control.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_infringement_in_training_data">Copyright infringement in training data</h3></div>

OpenAI was sued for <a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> by authors <a href="Sarah_Silverman" title="Sarah Silverman">Sarah Silverman</a>, <a href="Matthew_Butterick" title="Matthew Butterick">Matthew Butterick</a>, <a href="Paul_G._Tremblay" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul G. Tremblay">Paul Tremblay</a> and <a href="Mona_Awad" title="Mona Awad">Mona Awad</a> in July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Krithika-2023-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In September 2023, 17 authors, including <a href="George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>, <a href="John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>, <a href="Jodi_Picoult" title="Jodi Picoult">Jodi Picoult</a> and <a href="Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a>, joined the <a href="Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a> in filing a class action lawsuit against OpenAI, alleging that the company's technology was illegally using their copyrighted work.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The <a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> also sued the company in late December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Krithika-2023-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In May 2024 it was revealed that OpenAI had destroyed its Books1 and Books2 training datasets, which were used in the <a href="GPT-3#Training_and_capabilities" title="GPT-3">training of GPT-3</a>, and which the Authors Guild believed to have contained over 100,000 copyrighted books.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a>

In 2021, OpenAI developed a <a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> tool called Whisper. OpenAI used it to transcribe more than one million hours of YouTube videos into text for training GPT-4. The automated transcription of YouTube videos raised concerns within OpenAI employees regarding potential violations of YouTube's terms of service, which prohibit the use of videos for applications independent of the platform, as well as any type of automated access to its videos. Despite these concerns, the project proceeded with notable involvement from OpenAI's president, <a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>. The resulting dataset proved instrumental in training GPT-4.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a>

In February 2024, <a href="The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> as well as <a href="Raw_Story" title="Raw Story">Raw Story</a> and Alternate Media Inc. filed lawsuit against OpenAI on copyright litigation ground.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The lawsuit is said to have charted a new legal strategy for digital-only publishers to sue OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a>

On April 30, 2024, eight newspapers filed a lawsuit in the <a href="United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> against OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming illegal harvesting of their copyrighted articles. The suing publications included <a href="The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a>, <a href="The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a>, <a href="The_Orange_County_Register" title="The Orange County Register">The Orange County Register</a>, <a href="St._Paul_Pioneer_Press" title="St. Paul Pioneer Press">St. Paul Pioneer Press</a>, <a href="Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, <a href="Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>, <a href="Sun_Sentinel" title="Sun Sentinel">Sun Sentinel</a>, and <a href="New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebt-30apr2024-213">[213]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDPR_compliance">GDPR compliance</h3></div>

In April 2023, the EU's <a href="European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a> (EDPB) formed a dedicated task force on ChatGPT "to foster cooperation and to exchange information on possible enforcement actions conducted by data protection authorities" based on the "enforcement action undertaken by the Italian data protection authority against Open AI about the Chat GPT service".<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a>

In late April 2024 <a href="NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a> filed a complaint with the <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Datenschutzbehörde against OpenAI for violating the European <a href="General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>. A text created with ChatGPT gave a false <a href="Date_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth">date of birth</a> for a living person without giving the individual the option to see the personal data used in the process. A request to correct the mistake was denied. Additionally, neither the recipients of ChatGPT's work nor the sources used, could be made available, OpenAI claimed.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_military">Use by military</h3></div>

OpenAI was criticized for lifting its ban on using ChatGPT for "military and warfare". Up until January 10, 2024, its "usage policies" included a ban on "activity that has high risk of physical harm, including", specifically, "weapons development" and "military and warfare". Its new policies prohibit "[using] our service to harm yourself or others" and to "develop or use weapons".<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a>

As one of the industry collaborators, OpenAI provides <a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">LLMs</a> to the <a href="DARPA_Prize_Competitions" title="DARPA Prize Competitions">Artificial Intelligence Cyber Challenge</a> (AIxCC), which is sponsored by the <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA), and to the <a href="Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> In October 2024, <a href="The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> revealed that OpenAI's tools are considered "essential" for <a href="United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a>'s mission and included in an "Exception to Fair Opportunity" contractual agreement between the <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> and <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-intercept-africom-219">[219]</a> In December 2024, OpenAI said it would partner with defense-tech company <a href="Anduril_Industries" title="Anduril Industries">Anduril</a> to build drone defense technologies for the United States and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a>

In 2025, OpenAI's Chief Product Officer, Kevin Weil, was commissioned <a href="Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> in the <a href="United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> to join <a href="Detachment_201" title="Detachment 201">Detachment 201</a> as senior advisor.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a>

In June 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense awarded OpenAI a $200 million one-year contract to develop AI tools for military and national security applications. OpenAI announced a new program, OpenAI for Government, to give federal, state, and local governments access to its models, including ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_scraping">Data scraping</h3></div>

In June 2023, a lawsuit claimed that OpenAI scraped 300 billion words online without consent and without registering as a data broker. It was filed in <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>, by sixteen anonymous plaintiffs.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> They also claimed that OpenAI and its partner as well as customer <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> continued to unlawfully collect and use personal data from millions of consumers worldwide to train artificial intelligence models.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a>

On May 22, 2024, OpenAI entered into an agreement with <a href="News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a> to integrate news content from <a href="The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, the <a href="New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>, <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, and <a href="The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> into its AI platform. Meanwhile, other publications like <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> chose to sue OpenAI and <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> for copyright infringement over the use of their content to train AI models.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In November 2024, a coalition of Canadian news outlets, including the <a href="Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, <a href="Metroland_Media_Group" title="Metroland Media Group">Metroland Media</a>, <a href="Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia</a>, <a href="The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, <a href="The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a> and <a href="CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC</a>, sued OpenAI for using their news articles to train its software without permission.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji">Suicide of Suchir Balaji</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Suchir_Balaji" title="Suchir Balaji">Suchir Balaji</a></div><a href="Suchir_Balaji" title="Suchir Balaji">Suchir Balaji</a>, a former researcher at OpenAI, was found dead in his San Francisco apartment on November 26, 2024. Independent investigations carried out by the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) and the San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) concluded that Balaji shot himself.<a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-228">[228]</a>

The death occurred 34 days after a New York Times interview in which he accused OpenAI of violating copyright law in developing its commercial LLMs, one of which (GPT-4) he had helped engineer. He was also a likely witness in a major copyright trial against the AI company, and was one of several of its current or former employees named in The New York Times's court filings as potentially having documents relevant to the case. The death led to speculation and conspiracy theories suggesting he had been deliberately silenced.<a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-229">[229]</a> <a href="Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, California Congressman <a href="Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a>, and San Francisco Supervisor <a href="Jackie_Fielder" title="Jackie Fielder">Jackie Fielder</a> have publicly echoed Balaji's parents' skepticism and calls for an investigation.<a href="#cite_note-rokhanna-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-sfexaminer-jan-23-231">[231]</a>

In February 2025, the OCME autopsy and SFPD police reports were released. A joint letter from both agencies to the parents' legal team noted that he had purchased the firearm used two years prior to his death, and had recently searched for brain anatomy information on his computer. The letter also highlighted that his apartment's only entrance was dead-bolted from inside with no signs of forced entry.<a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-228">[228]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_backlash_over_ChatGPT's_search_results">Privacy backlash over ChatGPT's search results</h3></div>

In August 2025, OpenAI was criticized after thousands of private ChatGPT conversations were inadvertently exposed to public search engines like Google due to an experimental “share with search engines” feature. The opt-in toggle, intended to allow users to make specific chats discoverable, resulted in some discussions including personal details such as names, locations, and intimate topics appearing in search results when users accidentally enabled it while sharing links. OpenAI announced the feature’s permanent removal on August 1, 2025, and the company began coordinating with search providers to remove the exposed content, emphasizing that it was not a security breach but a design flaw that heightened privacy risks. CEO Sam Altman acknowledged the issue in a podcast, noting users often treat ChatGPT as a confidant for deeply personal matters, which amplified concerns about AI handling sensitive data.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a>

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<ul><li><a href="Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> – American artificial intelligence research company</li>

<li><a href="Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a> – US-based AI safety research center</li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a> – International nonprofit research institute</li>

<li><a href="Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a> – Artificial intelligence research laboratory</li>

<li><a href="Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a> – Nonprofit AI safety organization</li>

<li><a href="Model_Context_Protocol" title="Model Context Protocol">Model Context Protocol</a> – Protocol for communicating between LLMs and applications</li>

<li><a href="XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI (company)</a> – American artificial intelligence corporation</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240523030813/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/may/22/openai-chatgpt-news-corp-deal">"OpenAI and Wall Street Journal owner News Corp sign content deal"</a>. May 22, 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/article/2024/may/22/openai-chatgpt-news-corp-deal">the original</a> on May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 23, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm27247j6gno">"Major Canadian news outlets sue OpenAI"</a>. www.bbc.com. November 29, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sf-standard-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sf-standard_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sf-standard_228-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sf-standard_228-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFChien2025" class="citation web cs1">Chien, Tomoki (February 15, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfstandard.com/2025/02/14/autopsy-no-foul-play-in-openai-whistleblowers-suicide/">"Autopsy: No foul play in OpenAI whistleblower's suicide"</a>. The San Francisco Standard. Retrieved February 15, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-jan-31_229-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 31, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2025/01/31/family-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji-files-lawsuit-seeking-san-francisco-police-records/">"Family of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji files lawsuit seeking San Francisco police records"</a>. <a href="The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a>. Retrieved February 22, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-rokhanna-230"><a href="#cite_ref-rokhanna_230-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation news cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 15, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/15/openai-whistleblower-death/">"California Congressman Ro Khanna calls for 'full and transparent' investigation into death of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji"</a>. <a href="Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="Bay_Area_News_Group" title="Bay Area News Group">Bay Area News Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20250130154936/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/15/openai-whistleblower-death/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2025. Retrieved January 30, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sfexaminer-jan-23-231"><a href="#cite_ref-sfexaminer-jan-23_231-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWolverton2025" class="citation web cs1">Wolverton, Troy (January 23, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/technology/bay-area-officials-say-suchir-balaji-death-must-prompt-probe/article_8f1d1596-d923-11ef-8109-7f47649f523f.html">"Family, officials urge inquiry into OpenAI whistleblower's death"</a>. <a href="San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a>. Retrieved January 24, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandonnet" class="citation web cs1">Chandonnet, Katherine Tangalakis-Lippert, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/openai-removes-chatgpt-feature-over-search-engine-privacy-concerns-2025-7">"OpenAI quickly rolled back a new feature that allowed users to make private conversations with ChatGPT searchable"</a>. Business Insider.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBelanger2025" class="citation web cs1">Belanger, Ashley (August 1, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2025/08/chatgpt-users-shocked-to-learn-their-chats-were-in-google-search-results/">"ChatGPT users shocked to learn their chats were in Google search results"</a>. Ars Technica.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/openai-rolls-back-new-chatgpt-feature-just-hours-after-launch-top-exec-says-we-removed-a-feature-from-chatgpt-app-that-allowed-users-to-/articleshow/123045328.cms">"OpenAI rolls back new ChatGPT feature just hours after launch, top exec says: We removed a feature from ChatGPT app that allowed users to ..."</a> August 1, 2025 – via The Economic Times - The Times of India.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Levy, Steven</a> (September 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants">"What OpenAI Really Wants"</a>. <a href="Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1078-3148">1078-3148</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906191725/https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDuhigg2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="Charles_Duhigg" title="Charles Duhigg">Duhigg, Charles</a> (December 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/11/the-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai">"The Inside Story of Microsoft's Partnership with OpenAI"</a>. <a href="The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231222230940/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/11/the-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2024.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:OpenAI" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:OpenAI">OpenAI</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/">Official website</a> </li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="OpenAI198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="OpenAI198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Products_and_applications_of_OpenAI" title="Products and applications of OpenAI">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">in education</a></li>

<li><a href="GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></li>

<li><a href="ChatGPT_Search" title="ChatGPT Search">ChatGPT Search</a></li>

<li><a href="Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>

<ul><li><a href="Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a></li>

<li><a href="Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a></li>

<li><a href="Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li>

<li><a href="Adam_D'Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Zico_Kolter" title="Zico Kolter">Zico Kolter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li>

<li><a href="Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chair)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li>

<li><a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li>

<li><a href="Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate LLC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></li>

<li><a href="AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li>

<li><a href="LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generative_AI286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Generative_AI286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Fine-tuning_(deep_learning)" title="Fine-tuning (deep learning)">Fine-tuning</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation model</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_Context_Protocol" title="Model Context Protocol">Model Context Protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network</a></li>

<li><a href="Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">Reinforcement learning from human feedback</a></li>

<li><a href="Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">Retrieval-augmented generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Stochastic_parrot" title="Stochastic parrot">Stochastic parrot</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_data" title="Synthetic data">Synthetic data</a></li>

<li><a href="Top-p_sampling" title="Top-p sampling">Top-p sampling</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibe_coding" title="Vibe coding">Vibe coding</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer</a></li>

<li><a href="Waluigi_effect" title="Waluigi effect">Waluigi effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Character.ai" title="Character.ai">Character.ai</a></li>

<li><a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li>

<li><a href="DeepSeek_(chatbot)" title="DeepSeek (chatbot)">DeepSeek</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernie_Bot" title="Ernie Bot">Ernie</a></li>

<li><a href="Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li>

<li><a href="Tencent#Research" title="Tencent">Hunyuan Turbo S</a></li>

<li><a href="Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)#Technology" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax-M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistral_AI#Magistral_Small_and_Magistral_Medium" title="Mistral AI">Magistral Medium</a></li>

<li><a href="01.AI#Yi" title="01.AI">Yi-Lightning</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursor_(code_editor)" title="Cursor (code editor)">Cursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Devstral</a></li>

<li><a href="GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li>

<li><a href="Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen3-Coder</a></li>

<li><a href="Replit" title="Replit">Replit</a></li>

<li><a href="Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li>

<li><a href="Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li>

<li><a href="GPT-4o#GPT_Image_1" title="GPT-4o">GPT Image 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a></li>

<li><a href="Canva#Acquisitions" title="Canva">Leonardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li>

<li><a href="Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen-Image</a></li>

<li><a href="Recraft" title="Recraft">Recraft</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">Seedream</a></li>

<li><a href="Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li>

<li><a href="Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney Video</a></li>

<li><a href="Runway_(company)#Services_and_technologies" title="Runway (company)">Runway Gen</a></li>

<li><a href="ByteDance" title="ByteDance">Seedance</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Speech_synthesis#Text-to-speech_systems" title="Speech synthesis">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="ElevenLabs#Products" title="ElevenLabs">Eleven</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax Speech 2.5</a></li>

<li><a href="WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ElevenLabs#Products" title="ElevenLabs">Eleven Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Endel_(app)" title="Endel (app)">Endel</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_DeepMind#Music_generation" title="Google DeepMind">Lyria</a></li>

<li><a href="Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Salesforce#Artificial_intelligence" title="Salesforce">Agentforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhipu_AI#AutoGLM" title="Zhipu AI">AutoGLM</a></li>

<li><a href="AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li>

<li><a href="Devin_AI" title="Devin AI">Devin AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Manus_(AI_agent)" title="Manus (AI agent)">Manus</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li>

<li><a href="Replit" title="Replit">Replit Agent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Aleph_Alpha" title="Aleph Alpha">Aleph Alpha</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li>

<li><a href="Baichuan" title="Baichuan">Baichuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Canva" title="Canva">Canva</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognition_AI" title="Cognition AI">Cognition AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Cohere" title="Cohere">Cohere</a></li>

<li><a href="Contextual_AI" title="Contextual AI">Contextual AI</a></li>

<li><a href="DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li>

<li><a href="ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li>

<li><a href="HeyGen" title="HeyGen">HeyGen</a></li>

<li><a href="Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li>

<li><a href="Inflection_AI" title="Inflection AI">Inflection AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Krikey_AI" title="Krikey AI">Krikey AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li>

<li><a href="MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li>

<li><a href="Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Moonshot_AI" title="Moonshot AI">Moonshot AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Perplexity_AI" title="Perplexity AI">Perplexity AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe_Superintelligence_Inc." title="Safe Superintelligence Inc.">Safe Superintelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li>

<li><a href="Scale_AI" title="Scale AI">Scale AI</a></li>

<li><a href="SoundHound" title="SoundHound">SoundHound</a></li>

<li><a href="Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthesia_(company)" title="Synthesia (company)">Synthesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Thinking_Machines_Lab" title="Thinking Machines Lab">Thinking Machines Lab</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhipu_AI" title="Zhipu AI">Zhipu AI</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li>

<li><a href="Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li>

<li><a href="Vulnerable_world_hypothesis" title="Vulnerable world hypothesis">Vulnerable world hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Suffering risks</a></li>

<li><a href="Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li>

<li><a href="Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li>

<li><a href="EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li>

<li><a href="Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe_Superintelligence_Inc." title="Safe Superintelligence Inc.">Safe Superintelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li>

<li><a href="Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li>

<li><a href="Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li>

<li><a href="Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li>

<li><a href="Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F" title="Do You Trust This Computer?">Do You Trust This Computer?</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)">Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)</a></li>

<li><a href="Our_Final_Invention" title="Our Final Invention">Our Final Invention</a></li>

<li><a href="Roko's_basilisk" title="Roko's basilisk">Roko's basilisk</a></li>

<li><a href="Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">Statement on AI risk of extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Superintelligence%3A_Paths%2C_Dangers%2C_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Precipice%3A_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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